Physical vulnerability of the Gambia's coastline in the context of climate change

This study investigates the physical vulnerability of The Gambia's coastline in the context of climate change. The coastline is known for its unique ecosystems and its vital role in the country's economy through fisheries, tourism, and agriculture, sustaining a significant share of the population by providing livelihoods, contributing to food security, and housing critical infrastructure such as ports, urban areas, and tourism hubs. Yet as climate change intensifies pre-existing pressures — including sea-level rise, coastal erosion, and extreme weather events — these socio-economic assets are becoming increasingly exposed. To assess this vulnerability, the study applies the Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) approach, combining oceanographic data, remote sensing, and field observations to identify key areas at risk and examine contributing factors such as tidal ranges, storm surges, and human activities.

The findings highlight both immediate and long-term threats to coastal communities, infrastructure, and natural habitats. Owing to vulnerability arising from geological and geomorphological factors, the average CVI score of 29 indicates a high level of exposure to coastal hazards along the stretch from Buniadu Point to Barra. From Banjul to Cape Point, the coastline shows a positive average dynamic rate of 0.21 m/year, indicating some accretion; despite this, a CVI score of 22 still points to significant vulnerability to coastal hazards from Bald Cape to Salifor Point. Building on these results, the study explores potential mitigation and adaptation strategies to strengthen coastal resilience to sea-level rise, erosion, and flooding, outlining integrated and sustainable approaches to support policy-making and community-based initiatives aimed at safeguarding The Gambia's coastal regions against the backdrop of climate change.