Non-linear influence of reservoir initial condition on flood reduction

This study investigates, for the first time, the non-linear effects of reduced initial storage on the relationship between flood peak attenuation efficiency and flood return period for about 250 large dams in Italy. The authors estimate flood hydrographs via a simplified hydrological model and apply full hydraulic routing under different scenarios of initial reservoir storage, informed by historical reservoir time series and regional flood seasonality.

The findings reveal that flood peak attenuation is highly sensitive to the initial storage level, with dam performance deteriorating sharply as flood return periods increase, especially when initial storage is high. Seven distinct classes of dams are identified based on their flood attenuation capacity relative to flood severity, highlighting non-linear and threshold effects that are often overlooked in regional dam safety assessments. Notably, the commonly assumed full-reservoir condition yields overly conservative estimates: under this assumption, approximately 20% of the dams reach their maximum allowed water level for return periods of 100 years or less.