Modeling water resilience in Europe: Climate impacts on the water-energy-food-ecosystem nexus and agriculture

This report addresses the Water–Energy–Food–Ecosystem (WEFE) nexus, focusing on the impacts of climate change on water resources and agricultural productivity in Europe. It examines shifting water‑stress patterns, especially in the Mediterranean, where widening demand–supply gaps and increased dependence on alternative and non‑renewable groundwater sources heighten vulnerability. 

The report uses a modelling approach, coupling various models within the WEFE nexus, and assumes a baseline scenario with current policies. Uncertainties relate to the impacts of climate change, the effectiveness of water-saving measures, and the role of CO2 fertilization. The report highlights the need for a nexus approach to address the complex interlinkages between water, energy, and food, and to develop effective and sustainable solutions for European agriculture.