Comprehensive framework for the assessment of multi-level pluvial flood risk

This study outlines a comprehensive, multi‑level framework for assessing pluvial flood risk in urban areas, placing disaster risk reduction at the centre of its approach. It explains why cities increasingly face intense rainfall hazards due to climate change and urbanisation, and how existing assessment methods often lack scalability or comparability across contexts. The authors present a structured methodology that integrates hazard, exposure and vulnerability across citywide, catchment and sub‑catchment levels, using GIS and adaptive modelling to support decision making. Case studies from Tallinn, Tartu and Rakvere demonstrate how the framework can be applied in real urban settings to identify risk drivers, model scenarios and evaluate mitigation options. 

The study recommends adopting iterative, scenario‑based risk assessments that align with ISO 31000 and UNDRR principles, emphasising the value of clear risk communication, stakeholder engagement and unified risk scales. It highlights lessons on tailoring modelling precision to available resources, improving data quality, and integrating nature‑based solutions and infrastructure upgrades into planning. The authors encourage cities to use the framework to strengthen early warning systems, prioritise high‑risk areas, and embed climate adaptation into long‑term urban development strategies.