What are climate misinformation and disinformation and how can we tackle them?

Summary

• Climate misinformation refers to false or inaccurate information about climate change and climate action that is generally spread without malicious intent.
• Climate disinformation is deliberately false and fabricated to deceive people about climate change and climate action for political, financial or ideological reasons.
• Climate denial, climate delay, greenwashing and conspiracy narratives are some forms of climate misinformation and disinformation.
• Climate misinformation and disinformation spread due to the formation of echo chambers, algorithmic bias and abuse by malicious actors.
• In regions already stressed by environmental pressures, climate misinformation and disinformation can exacerbate existing tensions and undermine local peacebuilding efforts.
• The fight against climate misinformation and disinformation is a global effort, involving governments, academic organizations, think tanks, media organizations, civil society and citizens.

What is the difference between climate misinformation and climate disinformation?

Climate misinformation refers to false or inaccurate information about climate change and climate action that is generally spread without malicious intent. It usually arises from misunderstandings, misinterpretations of data or simply outdated knowledge. For example, some people might misinterpret short-term weather patterns, like an extended winter season, as evidence against global warming. Despite the absence of intent to deceive, misinformation still contributes to confusion and scepticism about climate science, making it harder for people to access accurate information.

Climate disinformation, on the other hand, is deliberately false and fabricated to deceive people about climate change and climate action for political, financial or ideological reasons. It is spread by individuals or organizations with vested interests in denying or downplaying the reality of climate change and its impacts. For instance, fossil fuel companies have been known to fund campaigns that cast doubt on climate science to protect their profits.

Disinformation tactics can include cherry-picking data, promoting pseudoscience, or amplifying conspiracy theories. Unlike misinformation, which can often be corrected through education and better communication, disinformation is more difficult to address and requires targeted efforts to expose and counter the deliberate falsehoods being spread.

Both climate misinformation and disinformation undermine public trust in climate science, delay policy responses and polarize public discourse. According to the Global Risk Report 2024, misinformation and disinformation, together with the impacts of the climate and nature crises, are the biggest short-term and long-term risks to human society.

How do climate misinformation and disinformation spread?

The spread of climate misinformation and disinformation, both online and offline, is linked to social processes that shape how people interact and consume information. These dynamics contribute to the reinforcement of false narratives, making it harder to correct misinformation and disinformation once it takes hold.

As social beings, humans have the tendency to form social connections with others who share similar beliefs, interests or backgrounds. Social media platforms reinforce this behaviour by recommending new connections based on existing networks and interests. Combined with the natural inclination to trust information from familiar sources, this leads to the formation of echo chambers - closed communities where the same ideas, whether true or false, are continuously reinforced without being questioned. Over time, these echo chambers can deepen divisions on topics such as climate change.

Furthermore, many social media algorithms are designed to maximize engagement. As such, they often promote content based on a user's past interactions, rather than its credibility or accuracy. This creates algorithmic bias, where users are more likely to see content that aligns with their existing beliefs, rather than diverse or fact-based perspectives. The effect is then amplified by confirmation bias - the psychological tendency for people to seek out and accept information that supports their pre-existing views while ignoring or dismissing contradictory evidence. As a result, misleading or sensationalized climate content can spread rapidly, especially if it resonates with a particular audience's worldview.

Beyond organic social behaviours, false information is also actively spread by malicious actors, including bots, trolls and coordinated disinformation campaigns. These actors deliberately create and amplify misleading narratives to shape public perception, undermine trust in scientific institutions or serve certain political and economic interests.

A recent example is a rise in online abuse against climate scientists, where coordinated campaigns on social media platforms target researchers with harassment and false accusations to discredit their work. These attacks often exploit existing echo chambers, amplifying divisive narratives that portray climate science as a hoax or conspiracy. By leveraging algorithmic biases and the viral nature of sensational content, these campaigns sow doubt and erode public trust in evidence-based solutions. This not only undermines efforts to address climate change but also discourages scientists from engaging with the public, further polarizing the discourse and hindering collective action.

How can we tackle climate misinformation and disinformation?

The fight against climate misinformation and disinformation is a global effort, involving a diverse range of actors including governments, academic organizations, think tanks, media organizations, civil society and collaborative partnerships between these entities. Given the high complexity of the issue, it requires multifaceted responses, and these actors play key roles in research, policy advocacy, education and public outreach. Through specialized initiatives and campaigns, they work to address the challenges posed by misinformation, which often undermines public understanding of climate science, fuels scepticism about climate change and hinders policy action.

Recognizing that misinformation, disinformation and hate speech are fuelling conflict, threatening democracy and human rights, the United Nations launched the United Nations Global Principles for Information Integrity, a set of recommendations designed to foster healthier and safer information spaces that champion human rights, peaceful societies and a sustainable future. Moreover, in November 2024, the Brazilian government, the United Nations and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) launched the Global Initiative for Information Integrity on Climate Change, joining forces to strengthen research and measures to address disinformation campaigns that are delaying and derailing climate action.

However, a large majority of efforts to combat climate misinformation and disinformation are still primarily based in the Global North, which often leads to a skewed focus on issues, narratives and perspectives that are more relevant to them. In this context, it is essential to build the capacities of stakeholders and institutions in the Global South to tackle climate misinformation and disinformation. By empowering local organizations, media and communities with the necessary skills, knowledge and resources, we can ensure that climate communication and responses to disinformation are more culturally appropriate and contextually relevant.

At the individual level, anyone can learn how to prevent climate misinformation and disinformation through a series of steps:

1. Verify the source: Evaluate the credibility of the source. Is the claim from a peer-reviewed study, a reputable news outlet or a blog with no scientific backing? For scientific data, academic databases and peer-reviewed sources can be used to verify its authenticity.
2. Verify the information: Check if the information is available from multiple sources and use fact-checkers to verify claims.
3. Consult experts: Try to connect with scientists and subject matter experts that can corroborate the information. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is widely recognized as the most credible source of information related to the science of climate change.
4. Communicate the truth: To counter climate misinformation and disinformation, evidence-based messages using simple language and relatable examples work best. Engage trusted voices and support claims with credible sources, encouraging respectful dialogue. Repetition of accurate information helps build long-term public understanding and resilience.

How does UNDP support efforts to address climate misinformation and climate disinformation?

UNDP works to address climate misinformation and disinformation through a multi‐pronged approach that combines digital innovation, capacity building and partnerships. This includes developing programmes and platforms that leverage collective intelligence, combining automated tools and crowdsourcing to identify and counter false narratives.

Digital tools such as iVerify and eMonitor+ combine AI with human fact-checking to identify, flag and counter false and misleading narratives including those for climate-related issues. Such platforms, developed as part of UNDP's broader digital strategy to leverage Digital Public Infrastructure, harness interoperable systems for data exchange and digital identity, supporting transparency and accountability in climate action by helping to counter information that undermines scientific consensus on climate change.

UNDP also supports initiatives aimed at developing media literacy and factchecking skills among journalists, media students and young civic actors. In Somalia, UNDP trains journalists to enhance their understanding of climate change issues, their interlinkages and nuances. In Lebanon, UNDP helps equip young people with the tools to identify and debunk fake news and hate speech, including false narratives on climate change. Such efforts help reduce the polarization and confusion often fuelled by false information, particularly in regions vulnerable to climate misinformation and disinformation campaigns.

Furthermore, through initiatives like Information Integrity, UNDP is working with development organizations, governments, the private sector and civil society on campaigns to ensure information integrity on issues directly and indirectly affecting climate action.