Environmental risk assessment of the Nile Delta, Egypt, based on radar interferometry, altimetry, and geodetic measurements

This paper aims to project the potential social and economic consequences of sea level rise and land subsidence in Egypt's Nile Delta by analyzing crustal deformation through time series analysis using the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) technique based on Least Squares Estimation.

The paper concludes that to mitigate these risks and protect vulnerable areas of the Nile Delta, decision-makers should consider the following strategies:

1. Establish a continuous GNSS monitoring network to track subsidence trends more accurately and in real-time.
2. Implement groundwater extraction regulations to minimize anthropogenic subsidence, particularly in high-risk urban areas.
3. Develop sustainable coastal protection measures, such as seawalls and artificial sand nourishment, to combat Mediterranean Sea encroachment.
4. Enhance urban planning policies to restrict construction in high-risk subsiding areas and promote adaptive infrastructure.
5. Promote international collaboration to integrate advanced satellite monitoring techniques (e.g., InSAR, GNSS) into long-term land deformation studies.
6. Increase public awareness and preparedness efforts to ensure communities understand the potential risks and necessary mitigation measures.