Uncertainty, pastoral knowledge and early warning: a review of drought management in the drylands, with insights from northern Kenya

This study assesses global inequalities in exposure to compound precipitation extremes (CPEs), defined as the concurrent occurrence of short-duration, high-intensity 1-day precipitation (RX1D) and prolonged 5-day precipitation (RX5D), in the late 21st century under multiple climate scenarios. The impact of compound climate extremes on transportation infrastructure is destructive and long-lasting, yet it remains unclear whether these impacts are equitably distributed across countries with different income levels.

The findings highlight that most exposed assets are concentrated in the Global North (10.9 vs. 1.3 million km in the Global South), with the largest absolute exposure in high-income regions (4.9 vs. 0.6 million km in lower-income regions). In contrast, adaptation needs show a clear inverse income gradient. Low-income countries require the highest safety factors (mean 1.31 for 50-year events), followed by lower-middle (1.20), upper-middle (1.17), and high-income (1.15) countries. This pattern remains robust across scenarios and infrastructure types (except motorways), revealing systematic inequality and underscoring the need for income-sensitive adaptation strategies in future infrastructure planning.