State of the global climate 2025

This report outlines the World Meteorological Organization’s authoritative annual assessment of the global climate system in 2025, presenting the latest data on key indicators such as greenhouse gas concentrations, global temperatures, ocean heat content, sea‑level rise, ocean acidification, glacier mass balance, sea‑ice extent and the Earth’s energy imbalance. It documents how continued warming, record‑high ocean heat, accelerating sea‑level rise and widespread cryosphere loss are driving increasingly severe and frequent weather- and climate‑related hazards worldwide. High‑impact events—including heatwaves, floods, droughts and tropical cyclones—are examined alongside climate drivers such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Indian Ocean Dipole. 

The report highlights the urgent need to strengthen early warning systems, enhance climate services, and integrate climate risk information into national and sectoral planning. It underscores the importance of reducing vulnerability and exposure—especially in regions where climate hazards intersect with conflict, food insecurity and limited adaptive capacity. Lessons emerging from the report point to the value of robust observational networks, improved data sharing, and coordinated international action to address accelerating climate risks. Strengthening resilience across health, water, food and infrastructure systems, and investing in long‑term adaptation strategies, are presented as essential pathways to reduce losses and damages in a rapidly warming world.