Indicators of global climate change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence

This paper compiles monitoring datasets to produce updated estimates for key indicators of the state of the climate system. This paper marks the third annual installation of the Indicators of Global Climate Change (IGCC) initiative, which has built on previous years' efforts to provide a comprehensive update of the climate change indicators required to estimate human-induced warming and remaining carbon budget.

The key indicators are as follows: net emissions of greenhouse gases and short-lived climate forcers, greenhouse gas concentrations, radiative forcing, the Earth's energy imbalance, surface temperature changes, warming attributed to human activities, the remaining carbon budget, and estimates of global temperature extremes. This year, we additionally include indicators for sea-level rise and land precipitation change. The results of analysis of the indicators are as follows:

• The overview of key indicators highlights the multiple fingerprints of the 2023- 2024 El Niño event - in peak global surface temperature, regional dry anomalies in land precipitation, and their implications for reduced land carbon sinks and the record growth rate of atmospheric CO2 concentrations
• The increase in land maximum temperatures, closely related to global warming levels, drives increasing trends in potential evapotranspiration, decreasing trends in soil moisture, contributing to the increased rate of global mean sea-level rise
• Methane and biomass emissions had a strong component of change related to climate feedbacks