GEOGLAM special report: Pakistan flood impacts on agriculture and food security

This publication examines the effects of the 2025 floods in Pakistan on agriculture, and resultant food security in the region, with a focus on the main crop-producing province of Punjab which was particularly impacted. Since June 26th, 2025, a combination of heavy monsoon rains, flash floods, and large water releases from dams have impacted many areas of Pakistan, with some eastern areas recording the worst flooding in over four decades. This has strong implications for the agricultural sector as Punjab province is the breadbasket of the country - and has been the worst affected by the flooding.

The report, in particular, covers the impacts on the region's rice exports. Pakistan is one of the world's leading rice exporters, and Punjab province produces over half of the total national rice output, followed by Sindh province. The heavy rains and severe localized flooding in late June and early August negatively affected rice crop development across multiple river basins, requiring replanting. Moreover, flooding and landslides later in the season resulted in crop losses and disruption of agricultural livelihoods. Damage also extended beyond rice crops, with damage having likely occurred to maize, cotton, vegetables, sugarcane, orchards, and other crops in the field at the time of the flooding.