Comprehensive analysis of disaster events and their impacts with emphasis on water-induced disasters in Nepal

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of disaster events, with a focus on water-induced disasters and their associated human, economic and infrastructural impacts across Nepal for the period 2011–2025, highlighting provincial disparities in hazard occurrence and vulnerability

The paper concludes that the frequency of disaster incidents per year has increased noticeably, with averages nearly doubling across successive five-year periods. The rate of increase in disaster events is substantially higher in Koshi province compared to the other provinces. The rapidly increasing disaster incidents in the Koshi province could be due to diverse topography, glacial and mountain-related hazards, large river systems with transboundary connections in the region, rapid unplanned infrastructure development, and improved disaster reporting. The major hazards considering people’s deaths during disasters from 2011 to 2025 include earthquakes, landslides, thunderbolts, fire, and floods. Bagmati province records the highest number of casualties (combined fatalities and missing persons) due to major earthquakes in 2015.