Behavioural

The term ‘suicide cluster’ describes a situation in which more suicides than expected occur in terms of time, place, or both (PHE, 2019). Two types of suicide clusters can be distinguished (Joiner, 1999): clusters where suicides occur during a restricted time period and are related to actual or fictional media-related phenomena, and space-time clusters (or point clusters), where an unusually high number of suicides occur in a small geographical area, or institution, and over a relatively brief period of time (adapted from Joiner, 1999 and PHE, 2019).

Violence is a social phenomenon that involves forceful acts or behaviour that are intended to cause harm. The injury or damage inflicted by violence to an individual or collective group may be physical, psychological, sexual, or deprivation, or combined. Violence is both intentional and forceful (Adapted from Jacquette, 2013). 

Stampede or crushing is the surge of individuals in a crowd, in response to real or perceived danger or loss of physical space. It often disrupts the orderly movement of crowds resulting in movement for self-protection leading to increased localised crowd density and physical compression of the human bodies (Adapted from Burkle & Hsu, 2011; Illiyas et al., 2013; Ngai, et al., 2009).