Earthquakes yes, disasters no

This overview of studies on seismic hazard research aims to discuss progress in the field as well as existing knowledge gaps. Integrated research on risks of earthquake-triggered disasters is essential to build knowledge for informed decision-making. Significant advancements have been made over the past decades in understanding lithosphere dynamics and large earthquake occurrences. Seismic hazard research has been enhanced by the utilization of geodetic and other Earth observations as well as diverse approaches to hazard assessments.

To answer the question of why seismic hazards turn into disasters, this article provides a broad overview of studies on the lithosphere dynamics, seismic hazard assessments, earthquake-triggered hazards, large earthquake identification and forecasting, and risk assessments. Additionally, knowledge gaps in these fields are discussed, and outlook is presented. Integrated studies and transdisciplinary collaborations are essential components in earthquake risk assessments. It is imperative to reduce earthquake risks by prioritizing the enhancement of seismic and cascading hazard models, further developing forecasting and early warning capabilities, improving vulnerability studies toward seismic safety, and reinforcing risk communication among all stakeholders.