Dichotomy or continuum? A global review of the interaction between autonomous and planned adaptations

This research challenges the traditional dichotomy between autonomous and planned climate adaptation by proposing a third category, “mixed adaptation,” which combines elements of both. Adaptation to climate change is often conceptualized as a dichotomy, with responses being either planned (formal and structured) or autonomous (organic and self-organized, often known as “everyday adaptation”). Recent literature on adaptation responses has highlighted the existence and importance of the interplay between autonomous and planned adaptation, but examination of this interaction has been limited to date.

This study reveals that mixed adaptation is prevalent across sectors and regions, underscoring the need to view adaptation as a continuum. A new typology identifies nine interaction patterns, offering insights into how blended approaches can create effective, scalable, and locally relevant adaptation strategies.