GAR 2015 Main Report

233

One underlying driver of disaster risk is the loss of biodiversity, including the loss of forests (both in terms of size and diversity), wetlands, coral reefs, mangroves, areas under sustainable management and protected areas, the loss of threatened species and marine stocks, and the degradation of regulatory and provisioning ecosystem services (IPCC, 2012

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2012,Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, Full Report. (Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Al-len, M. Tignor and P.M. Midgley, eds.). A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Inter-governmental Panel on. .

; UNISDR, 2009a

UNISDR. 2009a,Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: Risk and Poverty in a Changing Climate, Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. .

, 2011a, 2013a; World Bank, 2013

World Bank. 2013,Building Resilience: Integrating Climate and Disaster Risk into Development, The World Bank Group Experience. The World Bank, Washington, D.C.. .

). In particular, the loss of forests, wetlands and coastal areas with mangroves and coral reefs have direct implications for risk (IPCC, 2014

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2014,Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, Working Group II. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.. .

;

PEDRR, 2010

PEDRR (Partnership for Environment and Disaster Risk Reduction). 2010,Demonstrating the Role of Ecosystems-based Management for Disaster Risk Reduction, Background Paper prepared for the 2011 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR..
Click here to view this GAR paper.

;

Chatenoux and Peduzzi, 2013

Chatenoux, B. and P. Peduzzi. 2013,Biomass fires: preliminary estimation of ecosystems global economic losses, Background Paper prepared for the 2013 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR..
Click here to view this GAR paper.

Forest cover reduces landslide and drought risk in particular (UNISDR, 2011a

UNISDR. 2011a,Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: Revealing Risk, Redefining Development, Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. .

), but as in the case of wetlands, mangroves and coral reefs, global coverage was in decline until recently, except in OECD countries (Figure 12.3). For example, between the adoption of the HFA in 2005 and 2013—in a period of only eight years—the Amazon is estimated to have lost approximately 70,000 km2 of its rainforest, an area the size of Ireland or Panama.

Global data on the loss of critical regulatory ecosystem services, including forests, mangroves, wetlands, coral reefs and aquifers, as well as data on climate change highlight that many ecosystems are now approaching tipping points beyond which recovery is difficult or impossible, with unpredictable but potentially dangerous implications for future disaster risk.

The impact of water scarcity has also been discussed extensively (UNISDR, 2013a

UNISDR. 2013a,Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: From Shared Risk to Shared Value: the Business Case for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. .

;

Erian et al., 2012

Erian, W., B. Katlan, B. Ouldbedy, H. Awad, E. Zaghtity and S. Ibrahim. 2012,Agriculture Drought in Africa and Mediterranean, Background paper prepared for the 2013 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR..
Click here to view this GAR paper.

; IPCC, 2012

). In the regions most heavily affected, it will have a direct relationship with disaster risk, both in terms of increasing agricultural and hydrological drought hazard as well as increasing vulnerability. Agricultural production, and thus also rural incomes, will be increasingly challenged, which will undermine resilience to drought and other hazard impacts. The increasing cost and declining availability of drinking water in urban areas will particularly affect low-income communities, which already have very unequal access to this resource. Again, this is a challenge to resilience and to the capacity of households and communities to manage disaster risks.

Figure 12.3 Global trends in forest cover, 1990-2010

(Source: OECD, 2012

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2012,OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050: The consequences of Inaction, Paris: OECD Publishing.. .

	233 One underlying driver of disaster risk is the loss of biodiversity, including the loss of forests (both in terms of size and diversity), wetlands, coral reefs, mangroves, areas under sustainable management and protected areas, the loss of threatened species and marine stocks, and the degradation of regulatory and provisioning ecosystem services (IPCC, 2012 x IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2012,Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, Full Report. (Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Al-len, M. Tignor and P.M. Midgley, eds.). A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Inter-governmental Panel on. . ; UNISDR, 2009a x UNISDR. 2009a,Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: Risk and Poverty in a Changing Climate, Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. . , 2011a, 2013a; World Bank, 2013 x World Bank. 2013,Building Resilience: Integrating Climate and Disaster Risk into Development, The World Bank Group Experience. The World Bank, Washington, D.C.. . ). In particular, the loss of forests, wetlands and coastal areas with mangroves and coral reefs have direct implications for risk (IPCC, 2014 x IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2014,Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, Working Group II. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.. . ; PEDRR, 2010 x PEDRR (Partnership for Environment and Disaster Risk Reduction). 2010,Demonstrating the Role of Ecosystems-based Management for Disaster Risk Reduction, Background Paper prepared for the 2011 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. Click here to view this GAR paper. ; Chatenoux and Peduzzi, 2013 x Chatenoux, B. and P. Peduzzi. 2013,Biomass fires: preliminary estimation of ecosystems global economic losses, Background Paper prepared for the 2013 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. Click here to view this GAR paper. ). Forest cover reduces landslide and drought risk in particular (UNISDR, 2011a x UNISDR. 2011a,Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: Revealing Risk, Redefining Development, Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. . ), but as in the case of wetlands, mangroves and coral reefs, global coverage was in decline until recently, except in OECD countries (Figure 12.3). For example, between the adoption of the HFA in 2005 and 2013—in a period of only eight years—the Amazon is estimated to have lost approximately 70,000 km2 of its rainforest, an area the size of Ireland or Panama. Global data on the loss of critical regulatory ecosystem services, including forests, mangroves, wetlands, coral reefs and aquifers, as well as data on climate change highlight that many ecosystems are now approaching tipping points beyond which recovery is difficult or impossible, with unpredictable but potentially dangerous implications for future disaster risk. The impact of water scarcity has also been discussed extensively (UNISDR, 2013a x UNISDR. 2013a,Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: From Shared Risk to Shared Value: the Business Case for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. . ; Erian et al., 2012 x Erian, W., B. Katlan, B. Ouldbedy, H. Awad, E. Zaghtity and S. Ibrahim. 2012,Agriculture Drought in Africa and Mediterranean, Background paper prepared for the 2013 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. Click here to view this GAR paper. ; IPCC, 2012 x IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2012,Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, Full Report. (Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Al-len, M. Tignor and P.M. Midgley, eds.). A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Inter-governmental Panel on. . ). In the regions most heavily affected, it will have a direct relationship with disaster risk, both in terms of increasing agricultural and hydrological drought hazard as well as increasing vulnerability. Agricultural production, and thus also rural incomes, will be increasingly challenged, which will undermine resilience to drought and other hazard impacts. The increasing cost and declining availability of drinking water in urban areas will particularly affect low-income communities, which already have very unequal access to this resource. Again, this is a challenge to resilience and to the capacity of households and communities to manage disaster risks. Figure 12.3 Global trends in forest cover, 1990-2010 (Source: OECD, 2012 x OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2012,OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050: The consequences of Inaction, Paris: OECD Publishing.. . .)	Page 1 Page 10 Page 20 Page 30 Page 40 Page 50 Page 60 Page 70 Page 80 Page 90 Page 100 Page 110 Page 120 Page 130 Page 140 Page 150 Page 160 Page 170 Page 180 Page 190 Page 200 Page 210 Page 220 Page 223 Page 224 Page 225 Page 226 Page 227 Page 228 Page 229 Page 230 Page 231 Page 232 Page 233 Page 234 ->Page 235 Page 236 Page 237 Page 238 Page 239 Page 240 Page 241 Page 242 Page 243 Page 244 Page 245 Page 246 Page 247 Page 250 Page 260 Page 270 Page 280 Page 290 Page 300 Page 310