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Between March 12 and 14, 2015, Tropical Cyclone Pam struck Vanuatu as an extremely destructive Category 5 cyclone. Eleven fatalities were subsequently confirmed in Tafea and Shefa Provinces. An estimated 65,000 people were displaced from their homes. Approximately 17,000 buildings were damaged or destroyed, including houses, schools, clinics, and other…
From January to April 2015, Mozambique experienced prolonged heavy rain, which contributed to the rising of water levels in the Zambezi, Licungo and Shire River basins, exposing the population to flooding. Factors which contributed to the high level of flooding are: (i) heavy rainfall; (ii) flat terrain; (iii) high tide; and (iv) inappropriate drainage…
In September 2017, Puerto Rico was impacted by Hurricanes Irma and Maria within the span of two weeks. Irma passed Puerto Rico on September 6, 2017 as one of the largest hurricanes to ever form in the Atlantic. Maria followed and made landfall in Puerto Rico on September 20, 2017 as a Category 4 Hurricane, the largest and most damaging storm to strike t…
On December 29, 2020, Sisak-Moslavina County in Croatia was struck by a 6.2 magnitude earthquake with the epicenter 6 km outside the town of Petrinja. The earthquake was preceded by a 5.0 magnitude earthquake on December 28, 2020; and numerous aftershocks were recorded, including a 5.0 magnitude earthquake on January 6, 2021. The December earthquak…
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This Handbook is designed to serve as a guide for those tasked with responding to post-disaster housing reconstruction using an owner-driven housing reconstruction (ODHR) approach. It details the various processes, tasks and interventions involved in designing and managing ODHR programmes. The Handbook focuses on two critical aspects of ODHR: (i) princi…
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When the Camp Fire burned through Paradise, California, in November 2018, 85 people lost their lives and more than 18,000 structures were destroyed. Stories from Paradise make clear that the impacts of the fire were not equally borne across the community. Newer homes were more likely to be spared because they were built to more stringent safety cod…
As disasters become increasingly common, it becomes ever more crucial to identify the key components of safer housing (re)construction, in order to build back better and more resilient homes. This publication builds upon extensive experience in post-disaster housing recovery efforts from all over the world. UN-Habitat has been supporting local governme…
This case study was conducted in 2014 to document the lessons learned from the housing recovery operation carried out in the wake of Cyclone Sidr that hit Bangladesh in 2007. The cyclone, which caused damage to over a million houses, prompted arguably the largest ever housing recovery in the country’s disaster history. In a first, housing was considered…
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This handbook seeks to unpack the problems that many organizations are confronted with, while providing step-by-step guidance on how to design and implement housing reconstruction programmes in cities. It describes the specific dimensions of reconstruction and rehousing strategies, providing context-based options that have proven successful in recent di…
On the morning of December 26, 2004, a massive earthquake, registering 9.0 on the Richter scale hit Indonesia with its epicenter in the Indian Ocean, within 150 kilometers of Aceh Province, on the northern tip of Sumatra. The earthquake was followed by a massive tsunami that devastated the human population living on the coastline of Aceh Province, and p…
This post-disaster needs assessment provides estimates of the damages and losses, and the costs for reconstruction and recovery following the 2009 floods in Burkina Faso.  The assessment concluded that the floods caused the following negative impacts on the areas affected: the human toll was 119,356 victims, 46 deaths, 63 injured, and 1 person not…
At 6:48am on the 29 September 2009, a powerful 8.0 magnitude earthquake close to the main Samoan Island chain with its epicenter 190 km south of the Samoan capital of Apia. This was followed only 10 - 20 minutes later by two tsunami waves that impacted American Samoa, The Independent State of Samoa, and the small northern island of Niuatoputapu in the K…
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On August 4, 2020, a massive explosion in the Port of Beirut (PoB) rocked the city, killing more than 200 people, wounding more than 6,000, and displacing around 300,000. The detonations all but destroyed the country’s largest port, one of the busiest in the Middle East and most of Lebanon’s grain reserves. The city’s dense residential and commercial ar…
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The extremely severe cyclonic storm 'Fani' of the 'Hood of the Snake' was the strongest tropical cyclone to strike Odisha since Phailin in 2013. Cyclone Fani made landfall at about 8:30 am on 3 May 2019 between Satapada and Puri with a sustained surface wind speed of 175-180 kilometres per hour (kmph). It unleashed copious rain and windstorm that gusted…
In the first few months of 2008, three consecutive cyclones struck Madagascar affecting 17 of 22 regions. The paths of Fame and Ivan crossed in the central plain around the capital of Antananarivo, while Jokwe grazed the northern tip of the island. These cyclones were accompanied by heavy rainfall, especially in the northeast and northwest. These catego…

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