International migration and climate adaptation in an era of hardening borders

This paper details the implications of current trends of people seeking to migrate for reasons directly and indirectly related to climate change for migrants, policymakers and researchers. The number of people seeking to migrate for reasons directly and indirectly related to climate is expected to rise in coming decades due to climate hazards already known to stimulate both voluntary migration and involuntary displacements, and rapid population growth in areas highly exposed to migration-inducing climate hazards

It also details the implications of border and migration policy trends for future climate-related migration specifically, and for climate adaptation more generally. A review of evidence on current and future flows of climate-related migration and linkages with adaptation is provided with current trends in border enforcement and the securitization of international migration.