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This report, featuring brand new research from Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies around the world, sheds light on who has been most impacted by the pandemic and how. It also examines how Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies have adapted their responses to support newly and increasingly vulnerable communities—many of whom have also been affected…
This evaluation was carried out by a technical team integrated by the Government of the Dominican Republic, the World Bank, the European Union, and the Inter- American Development Bank, with the technical assistance from the United Nations Development Program. The fundamental purpose is to have reliable and timely information to guide the formulation of…
To evaluate how anticipatory efforts managed multiple compounding risks during the COVID-19 pandemic, the authors examine how 14 RCRC Societies adapted their Early Action Protocols to COVID-19. In the face of climate change, development and humanitarian practitioners increasingly recognize the need to anticipate and manage multiple, concurrent risk…
This report summarises current risks present in the international economy, the world's major players, and offers suggestions for coordinated policies that promote long-term growth. It provides a unique and timely analysis of the risks that are shaping the global environment, including pandemics, terrorism and 'natural' disasters, intending for stakehold…
This note summarises the learning on crisis modifiers and considers how they can be applied for health shocks. Crisis modifiers bring the worlds of development and humanitarian aid together. They are financing mechanisms within a development programme – e.g. a contingency fund – that disburse humanitarian response funding in the event of a crisis. This…
This paper covers the scopes of recovery and resilience in Belize aiming to build on existing mechanism to enable rapid response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Belize is exceptionally vulnerable to natural hazards, climate change and economic shocks. It is greatly exposed to hurricanes, flooding, sea-level rise, coastal erosion, coral bleaching, and droughts…
This paper estimates the impact on the US export economy of an illustrative infectious disease outbreak scenario in Southeast Asia that has 3 stages starting in 1 country and, if uncontained, spreads to 9 countries. The study used 2014-2016 West Africa Ebola epidemic–related World Bank estimates of 3.3% and 16.1% reductions in gross domestic product (GD…
This study estimates the minimum cost for achieving vaccine research and development preparedness targets in a portfolio of 11 epidemic infectious diseases, accounting for vaccine pipeline constraints and uncertainty in research and development preparedness outcomes.  The study finds that the cost of developing a single epidemic infectious disease…
The new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is attacking societies at their core, claiming lives and people’s livelihoods. The potential longer-term effects on the global economy and those of individual countries are dire. This report calls on everyone to act together to address this impact and lessen the blow to people. The report describes the speed and sc…
This report, produced by the Nepal Climate Vulnerability Study Team (NCVST), provides a scenario of climate change, adaptation options and vulnerability in Nepal. It aims to synthesise existing scientific and socio-economic information on the likely impacts of climate change in the Nepal Himalaya and to assess the complex patterns of vulnerability such…
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This paper asserts that there is no denying that air and water pollution lead to serious negative impacts on health and various economic goods and services, and addresses the valuation of these impacts. Recent advances in our understanding links to a) direct cause-effect relationships, and b) placing monetary values on those effects, and progress in the…
In this paper, the authors develop a Resilience Capability Framework focusing on the specific ways in which industrial capabilities contribute to countries' overall economic resilience, and the degree to which governments are central for leveraging, coordinating and deploying industrial capabilities to respond effectively and innovatively to a systemic…
The purpose of the paper is to present the results of the study of solutions implemented in Polish manufacturing companies to ensure their business continuity under COVID-19 pandemic conditions. A questionnaire survey was conducted using the mixed-model CAWI/CATI (Computer Assisted Web Interview/Computer Assisted Telephone Interview) on a representative…
This paper presents the World Bank Group's (WBG) approach to COVID-19 crisis response including thematic areas and policy priorities based on its comparative advantages, as well as the operational and financial frameworks for scaling up impact in a world transformed by the coronavirus. It also summarizes the Bank Group’s contribution to building the cri…
Using a cost-benefit analysis, this paper assesses whether it is optimal for the United States to follow the lead of many European countries and introduce a nation-wide lockdown. Though COVID vaccines have been available since December 2020, the rate at which they are administered remains slow, and in the meantime the pandemic continues to cla…

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