Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2015
Making development sustainable: The future of disaster risk management |
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Part III - Chapter 12
Energy consumption increases with rising GDP per capita; however, as highlighted in Chapter 13, the relationship is non-linear. The total global primary energy supply more than doubled between 1971 and 2011, while the global population grew by 86 per cent over the same time frame (OECD and IEA, 2013
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) and IEA (International Energy Agency). 2013,World Energy Outlook 2013, Executive Summary. Paris.. . IEA (International Energy Agency). 2013,CO2 Emissions from fuel combustion, Highlights. IEA Statistics. Paris.. . OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) and IEA (International Energy Agency). 2013,World Energy Outlook 2013, Executive Summary. Paris.. . von Hauff, Michael and Amitabh Kundu. 2002,Energy Strategy for Sustainable Development Use of Renewable Resources and its Implications in India, India. . Overconsumption now exceeds the capacity of a number of different planetary systems.In this context, Rockstrm et al. (2009) identified nine different planetary boundaries which can be grouped as follows: boundaries defining a safe global level of depleting non-renewable fossil resources, such as energy (coal, oil, gas), and fossil groundwater; boundaries defining a safe global level of use of the living biosphere, including the exploitation of ecosystems, protection of biodiversity and consuming renewable resources, such as land use; and boundaries defining a safe global level of the planetary system’s capacity to absorb and dissipate human waste flows, including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and toxic chemicals such as pesticides. At least three of these boundaries
(climate change, biodiversity loss and the nitrogen cycle) have already been breached (ibid.).3
Climate change is probably the best known of these planetary boundaries, and its relationship with increasing disaster risks has already been clearly established (IPCC, 2012
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2012,Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, Full Report. (Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Al-len, M. Tignor and P.M. Midgley, eds.). A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Inter-governmental Panel on. . UNISDR. 2009a,Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: Risk and Poverty in a Changing Climate, Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. . IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2012,Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, Full Report. (Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Al-len, M. Tignor and P.M. Midgley, eds.). A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Inter-governmental Panel on. . SEI (Stockholm Environment Institute). 2014,Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction, Background Paper prepared for the 2015 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. Click here to view this GAR paper. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2014,Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, Working Group II. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.. . UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), UN-ESCAP (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific), UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), UNISDR (United Nations 2013,TST Issues Brief: Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction, Prepared by UNDP, UNEP, UN-ESCAP, UNFCCC, UNISDR and WMO with contributions from FAO, IFAD, ITU, OCHA, PBSO, UNCCD, UNDESA, UN-ESCWA, UNFF, UN-FPA, UN-HABITAT, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UN-Women, WFP, WHO, and the World Bank.. . At the same time, breaking through other boundaries also has implications for disaster risk. Economic growth is often associated with ecosystem destruction and degradation, for example with the conversion of mangrove forests into shrimp farms, primary forests into plantations to produce palm oil or soya, or wetlands and floodplains into urban developments, or with the processes of land degradation and aquifer exhaustion associated with intensive agriculture.
This form of waste also comes at a high cost: worldwide, the equivalent of US$750 billion, or the GDP of Switzerland, is wasted every year (FAO, 2012
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2012,World Agriculture Towards 2030/2050, The 2012 Revision. ESA Working Paper No. 12-03, June 2012. Agricultural Development Economics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.. . The Economist Intelligence Unit. 2014,Global food security index 2014 special report: Food loss and its intersection with food security, Available from http://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/.. . FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2012,World Agriculture Towards 2030/2050, The 2012 Revision. ESA Working Paper No. 12-03, June 2012. Agricultural Development Economics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.. . Mekonnen, M.M. and A.Y. Hoekstra. 2011,National Water Footprint Accounts: The green, blue and gray water footprint of production and consumption, Value of Water Research Report Series No. 50. Volume 1: Main Report. Delft, Netherlands: UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education.. . Food waste contributes to tighter global food availability and more volatile food prices, which in turn threaten food security and resilience in substantial parts of the population of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia in particular (EIU, 2013 EIU (The Economist Intelligence Unit). 2013,Global food security index 2013: An annual measure of the state of global food security, Available from http://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/.. . UNISDR. 2013a,Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: From Shared Risk to Shared Value: the Business Case for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. . |
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