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to a large network of community organizations across the globe that successfully negotiate tenancy rights and access to infrastructure and services for inhabitants of informal settlements (Patel and Mitlin, 2001

Patel, Sheela and Diana Mitlin. 2001,SPARC, the National Slum Dwellers Federation and Mahila Milan, IIED Working Paper 5 on Poverty Reduction in Urban Areas.. .

Many governments now have policy frameworks in place to upgrade and regularize informal settlements, which may include the installation of risk-reducing infrastructure such as drainage and slope stabilization. However, as of 2011 around 40 per cent of low-income countries reporting against the HFA did not invest in reducing risk in vulnerable urban settlements (UNISDR, 2011b

UNISDR. 2011b,Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters: Mid-Term Review 2010-2011, Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. .

). In 2013, only some 60 per cent of low-income countries and less than 40 per cent of middle-income countries provided safe land and housing for lowincome households and communities (UNISDR, 2013a

UNISDR. 2013a,Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: From Shared Risk to Shared Value: the Business Case for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. .

). In other contexts, policy still focuses on eradication or relocation (Box. 11.4), which may further exacerbate risks and vulnerabilities.

Figure 11.5 Progress in managing risk in urban environments

HFA Core Indicator 4.4: Planning and management of human settlements incorporate disaster risk reduction elements, including enforcement of building codes.

(Source: UNISDR with data from the HFA Monitor.)

Figure 11.6 Social housing redefined: Quinta Monroy, Iquique, Chile

(Source: Tadeus Jalocha and Christobal Palma.)

planning and management in itself, particularly in higher-income countries, or has occurred in the context of other frameworks, especially in climate change adaptation, rather than the disaster risk reduction sector.

Building on a tradition of supporting household and community efforts in informal urban development that began in the 1960s (Turner, 1972

Turner, John. 1972,Freedom to Build: Dweller Control of the Housing Process, New York: Macmillan.. .

), there are numerous ongoing examples of innovative urban practices that may have risk reduction co-benefits. For example, an innovative approach to social housing in northern Chile provides families with half a house and lets them build the other half within a defined structure but according to their own priorities and means (Figure 11.6). In the north of Argentina, the Tupac Amaru social movement mobilizes low-income families to become the construction force behind their own community developments, complete with their own brick kilns and metalworking factories (McGuirk, 2014

McGuirk, Justin. 2014,Radical Cities: Across Latin America in Search of a New Architecture, Verso Books.. .

). In India, the National Slum Dwellers Federation has grown from a small, one-slum advocacy group

	221 to a large network of community organizations across the globe that successfully negotiate tenancy rights and access to infrastructure and services for inhabitants of informal settlements (Patel and Mitlin, 2001 x Patel, Sheela and Diana Mitlin. 2001,SPARC, the National Slum Dwellers Federation and Mahila Milan, IIED Working Paper 5 on Poverty Reduction in Urban Areas.. . ). Many governments now have policy frameworks in place to upgrade and regularize informal settlements, which may include the installation of risk-reducing infrastructure such as drainage and slope stabilization. However, as of 2011 around 40 per cent of low-income countries reporting against the HFA did not invest in reducing risk in vulnerable urban settlements (UNISDR, 2011b x UNISDR. 2011b,Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters: Mid-Term Review 2010-2011, Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. . ). In 2013, only some 60 per cent of low-income countries and less than 40 per cent of middle-income countries provided safe land and housing for lowincome households and communities (UNISDR, 2013a x UNISDR. 2013a,Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: From Shared Risk to Shared Value: the Business Case for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. . ). In other contexts, policy still focuses on eradication or relocation (Box. 11.4), which may further exacerbate risks and vulnerabilities. Figure 11.5 Progress in managing risk in urban environments HFA Core Indicator 4.4: Planning and management of human settlements incorporate disaster risk reduction elements, including enforcement of building codes. (Source: UNISDR with data from the HFA Monitor.) Figure 11.6 Social housing redefined: Quinta Monroy, Iquique, Chile (Source: Tadeus Jalocha and Christobal Palma.) planning and management in itself, particularly in higher-income countries, or has occurred in the context of other frameworks, especially in climate change adaptation, rather than the disaster risk reduction sector. Building on a tradition of supporting household and community efforts in informal urban development that began in the 1960s (Turner, 1972 x Turner, John. 1972,Freedom to Build: Dweller Control of the Housing Process, New York: Macmillan.. . ), there are numerous ongoing examples of innovative urban practices that may have risk reduction co-benefits. For example, an innovative approach to social housing in northern Chile provides families with half a house and lets them build the other half within a defined structure but according to their own priorities and means (Figure 11.6). In the north of Argentina, the Tupac Amaru social movement mobilizes low-income families to become the construction force behind their own community developments, complete with their own brick kilns and metalworking factories (McGuirk, 2014 x McGuirk, Justin. 2014,Radical Cities: Across Latin America in Search of a New Architecture, Verso Books.. . ). In India, the National Slum Dwellers Federation has grown from a small, one-slum advocacy group	Page 1 Page 10 Page 20 Page 30 Page 40 Page 50 Page 60 Page 70 Page 80 Page 90 Page 100 Page 110 Page 120 Page 130 Page 140 Page 150 Page 160 Page 170 Page 180 Page 190 Page 200 Page 210 Page 211 Page 212 Page 213 Page 214 Page 215 Page 216 Page 217 Page 218 Page 219 Page 220 Page 221 Page 222 ->Page 223 Page 224 Page 225 Page 226 Page 227 Page 228 Page 229 Page 230 Page 231 Page 232 Page 233 Page 234 Page 235 Page 240 Page 250 Page 260 Page 270 Page 280 Page 290 Page 300 Page 310