Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2013
From Shared Risk to Shared Value: the Business Case for Disaster Risk Reduction


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35
Notes
i Macroeconomic effects are included to some extent in all of these estimates but are a different way of representing them; they should therefore not be added to the direct and indirect losses or wider impacts.
ii This figure constitutes a simplification of the different categories that might partly overlap. Care must be taken when calculating total loss to avoid double counting. For example, the direct structural losses to a plant may be assessed either through the damage to the capital stock (e.g. production plant) or the equivalent loss of flows (i.e. future production).
iii Exchange rate of 1US$=JP81.84. The estimate was reported in June 2011 by the Cabinet Office of the Japanese Government (http://www.bousai.go.jp/oshirase/h23/110624-1kisya.pdf). It estimates damages to buildings, lifeline facilities and infrastructures and excludes the impact of the Nuclear Power Plant accident.
iv Here and in the next case of Thailand, data of gross fixed capital formation of the World Bank’s World Development Indicators were used: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.FTOT. CD?page=1.
v Economic loss as estimated by the World Bank in December 2011 (http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2011/12/13/worldbank-supports-thailands-post-floods-recovery-effort). This estimate includes not only loss to physical investment but also other components such as loss to lost revenue by tourism and loss of agricultural output.
vi In the same quarter, the manufacturing sector declined by -21.8 percent. Given that manufacturing represented 39 percent of Thailand’s GDP in 2011, it was the disruption of the manufacturing sector that had such as large influence on the Thai economy.
vii Small and medium enterprises are independent companies that have a smaller number of employees than a defined threshold. This threshold is different across countries. The OECD mentions the following thresholds: less than 250 employees in the European Union and fewer than 500 in the United States of America. However, in many countries, the threshold may be significantly lower, and small firms can be defined as having 10-50 employees, while micro-enterprises can be defined as having 1-10 workers (http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=3123).
viii References used in this box: NOAA National Climatic Data Centre, 2012 www.ncdc.noaa.gov/news/summary-information-posttropical-cyclone-sandy; NOAA National Weather Service, 2012 www. erh.noaa.gov/phi/storms/10292012.html; RMS, 2012

RMS (Risk Management Solutions,Inc.). 2012.,Too Early to Calculate Reliable Loss Estimates for Hurricane Sandy., Risk Management Solutions, 21 November 2012., London,UK.. .
www.rms.com/ news/newsannouncements/Newspress.php?id=0.xml; Time, 2012

Time. 2012.,Hurricane Sandy Estimated to Cost $60 Billion., Time Magazine, Business & Money, 31 October 2012.. .
http://business.time.com/2012/10/31/hurricane-sandy-estimatedto-cost-60-billion; IHS Global Insight, 2012

IHS Global Insight. 2012.,As the clear-up begins, a look at hurricane Sandy’s likely economic toll., Country & Industry Forecasting, 31 October 2012.. .
http://www.ihs.com/products/Global-Insight/industry-economic-report.aspx?ID=1065972961; EqeCat, 2012 www.eqecat.com/catwatch/post-landfall-loss-estimates-superstorm-sandy-released-2012-11-01/; Financial Times, 2012 http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c8f6c208-24f4-11e2-86fb-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2CtH3QSxJ.
ix El Nio Southern Oscillation (ENSO) refers to the interaction between the global atmosphere and the tropical Pacific Ocean. It results in changes to weather patterns and ocean temperature across the globe, including changes in rainfall and storm patterns, and occurrence of floods and droughts. Within these changes, the El Nio phenomenon is associated with unusually warm ocean surface temperatures; La Nia is associated with particularly cold oceanic temperatures. Both occur approximately twice in a seven-year period and last for typically 9–12 months and occasionally up to two years. For exact definitions and more information, see: UNISDR terminology preventionweb.net/english/professional/terminology/v.php?id=480 and WMO factsheets http:// www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/factsheet/LaNinaQA.html.
x This survey, carried out by Florida International University (FIU), York University and the Central American Institute for Business Management (INCAE), covered Vancouver, Canada; Miami, United States of America; Kingston, Jamaica; San Jose, Costa Rica; Bogota, Colombia and Santiago, Chile.
xi http://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2010-04-21-01.aspx.
xii http://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2010-04-21-01.aspx.
xiii Western Digital and Nidec, two important global players in the production of hard disk drive components, have relocated some of their manufacturing to Malaysia, China and less hazard-prone regions in Thailand. For more information: http://e. nikkei.com/e/fr/tnks/Nni20121006D06JF389.htm and http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7d36186e-2937-11e1-8b1a-00144feabdc0. html#axzz2DuUmiO4x (accessed 02/12/2012).
xiv Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Government of Japan: http://www.meti.go.jp/committee/summary/0003410/013_s01_00. pdf
xv Miyagi Labor Bureau, “Balance of job openings and application,” http://miyagi-roudoukyoku.jsite.mhlw.go.jp/jirei_toukei/kyujin_ kyushoku/toukei/anteisyobetsu_kyujinkyusyoku_balance.html.
xvi Data in this paragraph are taken from Hatton, Seville and Vargo (2012), unless otherwise stated.
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