GAR 2015 Main Report

manage disaster risk (Government of Colombia, 1988

Government of Colombia. 1988,Ley 46 de 1988 (Noviembre 2) Diario Oficial No 38, 559, del 2 de noviembre de 1988 Por la cual se crea y organiza el Sistema Nacional para la Prevención y Atención de Desastres, se otorga facultades extraordinarias al Presidente de la República, y se dictan otras disposiciones. Congreso de Colombia, 1988.. .

; World Bank, 2012

World Bank. 2012,Analysis of Disaster Risk Management in Colombia: A Contribution to the Creation of Public Policies, Coordinators and Editors: Ana Campos G., Niels Holm-Nielsen, Carolina Díaz G., Diana M. Rubiano V., Carlos R. Costa P., Fernando Ramírez C. and Eric Dickson. The World Bank and GFDRR, Washington, D.C.. .

) and were symbolic of the emergence of a dedicated disaster risk management sector; this paradigm shift was consecrated with the adoption of the HFA in 2005.

Emergency management

The origins of what is now a disaster risk management sector in most countries can be found in the institutions, legislation and policies, administrative arrangements and instrumental systems created to respond to and manage disasters and crises. The concept of civil defence emerged following the bombing of civilian areas in the First World War, and in 1935 a Civil Defence Service was established by the Home Office of the United Kingdom. Likewise, the Office of Civilian Defense was created in the United States of America in 1941.7

After the Second World War, the focus of civil defence, particularly in Europe, shifted to the goal of protecting the population against nuclear destruction. But when the Cold War came to an end, the focus shifted again towards protecting the population against hazards such as floods, earthquakes and storms, and in the 2000s towards protection against terrorist attacks. These successive changes in focus can be observed in the United States of America, where in 1979 the different civil defence agencies were brought together in the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which was assimilated into the Department of Homeland Security following the September 11, 2001 attacks in New York and Washington, D.C.

Massive disasters associated with droughts and conflict in sub-Saharan Africa, with floods, cyclones and conflict in Bangladesh, and with earthquakes, for example in Peru in 1970, Nicaragua in 1972 and Guatemala in 1976, generated

activity from scientific organizations since September of that year and hazard maps had been prepared, the local population was warned but not evacuated. In the town of Armero, around 20,000 out of a total population of 29,000 were killed,aswereafurther1,500innearbyChinchiná.

Just one week earlier, 100 hostages—including 11 judges—had died when the Colombian armed forces ended a siege of the Palace of Justice in Bogota by the M-19 guerrilla group (Procuraduría General de la Nación, 2005). The government was widely held responsible for the loss of life in both events. In the case of the volcanic disaster, the government was faulted for multiple failures in risk identification, early warning, preparedness, evacuation and response (Zeiderman and Ramirez Elizalde, 2010

Zeiderman, Austin and Laura Astrid Ramírez Elizalde. 2010,“Apocalipsis anunciado”: un viraje en la política de riesgo en Colombia a partir de 1985, # 31 Revista de Ingeniería: 119-131. Universidad de Los Andes. Bogotá.. .

Four years later, in 1989, the National System for Disaster Prevention and Response was created in an ambitious reform of disaster risk management (Government of Colombia, 1988

). The national system embraced better disaster management and incorporated the country’s original civil defence organization at the time. But it also adopted disaster risk reduction as a policy goal and gave explicit priority to a much broader range of disaster risk management practices. Moreover, it introduced an innovative systems approach to risk governance which was integrated horizontally across government ministries and departments, vertically across regional, departmental and local governments, and with specified roles for scientific and technical institutions, the Red Cross and other non-governmental organizations.

The concurrent creation of the Colombian national system and the declaration of the IDNDR marked a paradigm shift in the governance arrangements that countries adopt to

	29 manage disaster risk (Government of Colombia, 1988 x Government of Colombia. 1988,Ley 46 de 1988 (Noviembre 2) Diario Oficial No 38, 559, del 2 de noviembre de 1988 Por la cual se crea y organiza el Sistema Nacional para la Prevención y Atención de Desastres, se otorga facultades extraordinarias al Presidente de la República, y se dictan otras disposiciones. Congreso de Colombia, 1988.. . ; World Bank, 2012 x World Bank. 2012,Analysis of Disaster Risk Management in Colombia: A Contribution to the Creation of Public Policies, Coordinators and Editors: Ana Campos G., Niels Holm-Nielsen, Carolina Díaz G., Diana M. Rubiano V., Carlos R. Costa P., Fernando Ramírez C. and Eric Dickson. The World Bank and GFDRR, Washington, D.C.. . ) and were symbolic of the emergence of a dedicated disaster risk management sector; this paradigm shift was consecrated with the adoption of the HFA in 2005. Emergency management The origins of what is now a disaster risk management sector in most countries can be found in the institutions, legislation and policies, administrative arrangements and instrumental systems created to respond to and manage disasters and crises. The concept of civil defence emerged following the bombing of civilian areas in the First World War, and in 1935 a Civil Defence Service was established by the Home Office of the United Kingdom. Likewise, the Office of Civilian Defense was created in the United States of America in 1941.7 After the Second World War, the focus of civil defence, particularly in Europe, shifted to the goal of protecting the population against nuclear destruction. But when the Cold War came to an end, the focus shifted again towards protecting the population against hazards such as floods, earthquakes and storms, and in the 2000s towards protection against terrorist attacks. These successive changes in focus can be observed in the United States of America, where in 1979 the different civil defence agencies were brought together in the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which was assimilated into the Department of Homeland Security following the September 11, 2001 attacks in New York and Washington, D.C. Massive disasters associated with droughts and conflict in sub-Saharan Africa, with floods, cyclones and conflict in Bangladesh, and with earthquakes, for example in Peru in 1970, Nicaragua in 1972 and Guatemala in 1976, generated activity from scientific organizations since September of that year and hazard maps had been prepared, the local population was warned but not evacuated. In the town of Armero, around 20,000 out of a total population of 29,000 were killed,aswereafurther1,500innearbyChinchiná. Just one week earlier, 100 hostages—including 11 judges—had died when the Colombian armed forces ended a siege of the Palace of Justice in Bogota by the M-19 guerrilla group (Procuraduría General de la Nación, 2005). The government was widely held responsible for the loss of life in both events. In the case of the volcanic disaster, the government was faulted for multiple failures in risk identification, early warning, preparedness, evacuation and response (Zeiderman and Ramirez Elizalde, 2010 x Zeiderman, Austin and Laura Astrid Ramírez Elizalde. 2010,“Apocalipsis anunciado”: un viraje en la política de riesgo en Colombia a partir de 1985, # 31 Revista de Ingeniería: 119-131. Universidad de Los Andes. Bogotá.. . ). Four years later, in 1989, the National System for Disaster Prevention and Response was created in an ambitious reform of disaster risk management (Government of Colombia, 1988 x Government of Colombia. 1988,Ley 46 de 1988 (Noviembre 2) Diario Oficial No 38, 559, del 2 de noviembre de 1988 Por la cual se crea y organiza el Sistema Nacional para la Prevención y Atención de Desastres, se otorga facultades extraordinarias al Presidente de la República, y se dictan otras disposiciones. Congreso de Colombia, 1988.. . ). The national system embraced better disaster management and incorporated the country’s original civil defence organization at the time. But it also adopted disaster risk reduction as a policy goal and gave explicit priority to a much broader range of disaster risk management practices. Moreover, it introduced an innovative systems approach to risk governance which was integrated horizontally across government ministries and departments, vertically across regional, departmental and local governments, and with specified roles for scientific and technical institutions, the Red Cross and other non-governmental organizations. The concurrent creation of the Colombian national system and the declaration of the IDNDR marked a paradigm shift in the governance arrangements that countries adopt to	Page 1 Page 10 Page 19 Page 20 Page 21 Page 22 Page 23 Page 24 Page 25 Page 26 Page 27 Page 28 Page 29 Page 30 ->Page 31 Page 32 Page 33 Page 34 Page 35 Page 36 Page 37 Page 38 Page 39 Page 40 Page 41 Page 42 Page 43 Page 50 Page 60 Page 70 Page 80 Page 90 Page 100 Page 110 Page 120 Page 130 Page 140 Page 150 Page 160 Page 170 Page 180 Page 190 Page 200 Page 210 Page 220 Page 230 Page 240 Page 250 Page 260 Page 270 Page 280 Page 290 Page 300 Page 310