GAR 2015 Main Report

129

managing disaster risk, new stakeholders and new forms of governance are beginning to emerge. The traditional disaster risk management sector now shares an increasingly crowded space with the climate change sector, finance and planning ministries, the private sector and city governments, amongst other stakeholders and players.

The creation of the UNFCCC in 1994 as an international mechanism to address global climate change soon spawned a specialized climate change sector. Climate change is an underlying driver of disaster risk, and many plans for climate change adaptation have a strong disaster risk management component (IPCC, 2012

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2012,Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, Full Report. (Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Al-len, M. Tignor and P.M. Midgley, eds.). A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Inter-governmental Panel on. .

;

SEI, 2014

SEI (Stockholm Environment Institute). 2014,Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction, Background Paper prepared for the 2015 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR..
Click here to view this GAR paper.

;

UNDP, 2014a

UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2014a,Disaster Risk Governance During the HFA Implementation Period, Background Paper prepared for the 2015 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR..
Click here to view this GAR paper.

). However, this sector, which is usually anchored in environment ministries, is only weakly integrated with the disaster risk management sector in most countries ( GAR 13 paper

SEI, 2014

); exceptions include the small island states in the Pacific (UNDESA, 2014a

UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). 2014a,Partnerships Briefs for Small Island Developing States, Climate Change & Disaster Risk Management. UN Conference on Small Island Developing States. UNDESA Division for Sustainable Development.. .

). The climate change sector, however, has been more successful in attracting resources and political support and now challenges the disaster risk reduction sector for salience. Climate change adaptation has therefore become another forum for disaster risk governance. At the same time, it remains a major challenge to reconcile the policy arenas of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation as well as climate change mitigation, economic growth and sustainable development ( GAR 13 paper

SEI, 2014

Recent years have also seen a growing interest in risk financing from both the disaster risk reduction and climate change sectors. Finance ministries, insurance regulators, international finance institutions as well as insurance, reinsurance and catastrophe modelling companies (Arnold, 2008

Arnold, Margaret. 2008,The Role of Risk Transfer and Insurance in Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaption, Commission on Climate Change and Development. March 2008.. .

; Cummins and Mahul, 2009

Cummins, J. David and Oliver Mahul. 2009,Catastrophe Risk Financing in Developing Countries: Principles for Public Intervention, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.. .

; Muir-Wood, 2011

Muir-Wood, Robert. 2011,Designing Optimal Risk Mitigation and Risk Transfer Mechanisms to Improve the Management of Earthquake Risk in Chile, OECD Working Papers on Finance, Insurance and Private Pensions, No. 12. OECD Publishing.. .

;

GFDRR, 2014b

GFDRR (Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery). 2014b,Financial Protection Against Natural Disasters, Background Paper prepared for the 2015 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR..
Click here to view this GAR paper.

) have also increased their involvement in developing and extending risk financing mechanisms such as insurance, contingency financing and catastrophe bonds, including in regional arrangements such as CCRIF and

PCRAFI.6 These mechanisms have the explicit objective of protecting social and economic development against external shocks and can be interpreted as a modernization of the logic of the disaster management cycle. At the same time, finance and planning ministries have also been involved in promoting new approaches to disaster risk governance based on public investment planning and evaluation (Lavell, 2014

Lavell, Allan. 2014,Disaster Risk Reduction and Public Investment Decisions: The Peruvian Case, Technical Note. First edition, August 2014. Lima.. .

; GFDRR, no date; UNISDR, 2009a

UNISDR. 2009a,Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: Risk and Poverty in a Changing Climate, Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. .

and 2011a) and have responded to concerns regarding sustainable public investment and the quality of public spending.

Since the major disasters in Japan and Thailand in 2011 exposed risks to global supply chains, interest in disaster risk reduction has increased among businesses and, more recently, in the financial sector ( GAR 13 paper

Ingirige et al., 2014

Ingirige, Bingunath, Dilanthi Amaratunga, Mohan Kumaraswamy, Champika Liyanage, Aslam Perwaiz, Peeranan Towashiraporn and Gayan Wedawatta. 2014,Private investment in Disaster Risk Management, Background Paper prepared for the 2015 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland.
Click here to view this GAR paper.

; UNISDR, 2013a

UNISDR. 2013a,Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: From Shared Risk to Shared Value: the Business Case for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. .

). This has led to a large number of initiatives that seek to develop new forms of risk governance involving both business and government, investors and financial regulators, such as the innovative R!SE or 1-in-100 initiatives, both of which seek to make investments more risk-sensitive.7 In addition, large cities are now providing spaces where the public and private sectors, disaster risk management and climate change adaptation are starting to converge.

Government statutory regulation has also been complemented by a range of voluntary standards relevant to disaster risk reduction, not just in sector-specific areas such as private housing, transport networks and hubs, schools, hospitals’ electro-technical equipment and other critical infrastructure, but also in cross-cutting areas such as environmental management (Figure 6.5), corporate social responsibility and business continuity ( GAR 13 paper

UNECE, 2014

UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe). 2014,Standards and Normative Mechanisms for Disaster Risk Management, Background Paper prepared for the 2015 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR..
Click here to view this GAR paper.

). Both public and private organizations have begun to apply standards that combine risk management with environmental and social codes of conduct and principles in areas as diverse as housing, protected areas management, industry and investment portfolio management. Codes governing social

	129 managing disaster risk, new stakeholders and new forms of governance are beginning to emerge. The traditional disaster risk management sector now shares an increasingly crowded space with the climate change sector, finance and planning ministries, the private sector and city governments, amongst other stakeholders and players. The creation of the UNFCCC in 1994 as an international mechanism to address global climate change soon spawned a specialized climate change sector. Climate change is an underlying driver of disaster risk, and many plans for climate change adaptation have a strong disaster risk management component (IPCC, 2012 x IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2012,Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, Full Report. (Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Al-len, M. Tignor and P.M. Midgley, eds.). A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Inter-governmental Panel on. . ; SEI, 2014 x SEI (Stockholm Environment Institute). 2014,Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction, Background Paper prepared for the 2015 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. Click here to view this GAR paper. ; UNDP, 2014a x UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2014a,Disaster Risk Governance During the HFA Implementation Period, Background Paper prepared for the 2015 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. Click here to view this GAR paper. ). However, this sector, which is usually anchored in environment ministries, is only weakly integrated with the disaster risk management sector in most countries (SEI, 2014 x SEI (Stockholm Environment Institute). 2014,Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction, Background Paper prepared for the 2015 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. Click here to view this GAR paper. ); exceptions include the small island states in the Pacific (UNDESA, 2014a x UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). 2014a,Partnerships Briefs for Small Island Developing States, Climate Change & Disaster Risk Management. UN Conference on Small Island Developing States. UNDESA Division for Sustainable Development.. . ). The climate change sector, however, has been more successful in attracting resources and political support and now challenges the disaster risk reduction sector for salience. Climate change adaptation has therefore become another forum for disaster risk governance. At the same time, it remains a major challenge to reconcile the policy arenas of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation as well as climate change mitigation, economic growth and sustainable development (SEI, 2014 x SEI (Stockholm Environment Institute). 2014,Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction, Background Paper prepared for the 2015 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. Click here to view this GAR paper. ). Recent years have also seen a growing interest in risk financing from both the disaster risk reduction and climate change sectors. Finance ministries, insurance regulators, international finance institutions as well as insurance, reinsurance and catastrophe modelling companies (Arnold, 2008 x Arnold, Margaret. 2008,The Role of Risk Transfer and Insurance in Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaption, Commission on Climate Change and Development. March 2008.. . ; Cummins and Mahul, 2009 x Cummins, J. David and Oliver Mahul. 2009,Catastrophe Risk Financing in Developing Countries: Principles for Public Intervention, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.. . ; Muir-Wood, 2011 x Muir-Wood, Robert. 2011,Designing Optimal Risk Mitigation and Risk Transfer Mechanisms to Improve the Management of Earthquake Risk in Chile, OECD Working Papers on Finance, Insurance and Private Pensions, No. 12. OECD Publishing.. . ; GFDRR, 2014b x GFDRR (Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery). 2014b,Financial Protection Against Natural Disasters, Background Paper prepared for the 2015 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. Click here to view this GAR paper. ) have also increased their involvement in developing and extending risk financing mechanisms such as insurance, contingency financing and catastrophe bonds, including in regional arrangements such as CCRIF and PCRAFI.6 These mechanisms have the explicit objective of protecting social and economic development against external shocks and can be interpreted as a modernization of the logic of the disaster management cycle. At the same time, finance and planning ministries have also been involved in promoting new approaches to disaster risk governance based on public investment planning and evaluation (Lavell, 2014 x Lavell, Allan. 2014,Disaster Risk Reduction and Public Investment Decisions: The Peruvian Case, Technical Note. First edition, August 2014. Lima.. . ; GFDRR, no date; UNISDR, 2009a x UNISDR. 2009a,Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: Risk and Poverty in a Changing Climate, Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. . and 2011a) and have responded to concerns regarding sustainable public investment and the quality of public spending. Since the major disasters in Japan and Thailand in 2011 exposed risks to global supply chains, interest in disaster risk reduction has increased among businesses and, more recently, in the financial sector (Ingirige et al., 2014 x Ingirige, Bingunath, Dilanthi Amaratunga, Mohan Kumaraswamy, Champika Liyanage, Aslam Perwaiz, Peeranan Towashiraporn and Gayan Wedawatta. 2014,Private investment in Disaster Risk Management, Background Paper prepared for the 2015 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland. Click here to view this GAR paper. ; UNISDR, 2013a x UNISDR. 2013a,Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: From Shared Risk to Shared Value: the Business Case for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. . ). This has led to a large number of initiatives that seek to develop new forms of risk governance involving both business and government, investors and financial regulators, such as the innovative R!SE or 1-in-100 initiatives, both of which seek to make investments more risk-sensitive.7 In addition, large cities are now providing spaces where the public and private sectors, disaster risk management and climate change adaptation are starting to converge. Government statutory regulation has also been complemented by a range of voluntary standards relevant to disaster risk reduction, not just in sector-specific areas such as private housing, transport networks and hubs, schools, hospitals’ electro-technical equipment and other critical infrastructure, but also in cross-cutting areas such as environmental management (Figure 6.5), corporate social responsibility and business continuity (UNECE, 2014 x UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe). 2014,Standards and Normative Mechanisms for Disaster Risk Management, Background Paper prepared for the 2015 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. Click here to view this GAR paper. ). Both public and private organizations have begun to apply standards that combine risk management with environmental and social codes of conduct and principles in areas as diverse as housing, protected areas management, industry and investment portfolio management. Codes governing social	Page 1 Page 10 Page 20 Page 30 Page 40 Page 50 Page 60 Page 70 Page 80 Page 90 Page 100 Page 110 Page 119 Page 120 Page 121 Page 122 Page 123 Page 124 Page 125 Page 126 Page 127 Page 128 Page 129 Page 130 ->Page 131 Page 132 Page 133 Page 134 Page 135 Page 136 Page 137 Page 138 Page 139 Page 140 Page 141 Page 142 Page 143 Page 150 Page 160 Page 170 Page 180 Page 190 Page 200 Page 210 Page 220 Page 230 Page 240 Page 250 Page 260 Page 270 Page 280 Page 290 Page 300 Page 310